Effects of lethal management on gray wolf pack persistence and reproduction in Wisconsin, USA - Scientific Reports

We studied the gray wolf population in northern and central Wisconsin, USA, where wolves occupy about 91,000 km2;25. The Wisconsin wolf population is part of the Western Great Lakes Distinct Population Segment which comprises about 4400 wolves in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan and is connected to larger populations in Canada26. The primary prey of wolves in the western Great Lakes Region are white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), which comprise up to 90% of consumed prey biomass, but wolves also feed on beaver (Castor canadensis), elk (Cervus canadensis), moose (Alces alces), and...